全球课堂｜哈佛萧建业:Engineering East Asia:Technology, Society & the State

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感谢哈佛大学科学史系Victor Seow(萧建业）教授授权发布此门课程的课程大纲。版权归萧教授所有。

Harvard University

Engineering East Asia： Technology，Society, and the State

HISTSCI 1833|Fall 2023

Professor Victor Seow

China’s first panda solar park in Datong, which went online in August 2017 (Image credit: Getty Images via BBC Future)

What are the main drivers of technological innovation? How might we understand the relationship between technological development and social change? Do technological artifacts have particular politics? In this course, we explore these and other questions concerning the intertwined relationship of technology, society, and the state within the context of East Asia’s long twentieth century.

From the era of steam power to the present, East Asia has undergone epochal social and technological transformations. China’s recent advances in areas like artificial intelligence and green energy are but among the latest in broader trends—beginning with Japanese, South Korean, successes in consumer electronics over preceding decades—that have marked the region as the site from which we may very well see the emergence of our technological future.

In examining the history of technology in modern East Asia, we will gain a deeper understanding of this region and its technological revolutions and, more generally, of the workings of technology in the industrial modern age.

This course assumes no prior knowledge of East Asian history or the history of technology. All who are interested in exploring the intersection of the two are welcome.

Course Components

Active Attendance(20%): Classes will be a mixture of lecture and discussion.You are expected to come to class having done the readings for the day and ready to participate. Please bringcopies of the readings and/or your notes on them with you to class. If you have to miss a class for any reason, please notify the teaching staff in advance by email. Please note that unexcused and repeated absences will negatively affect your grade. Not showing any evidence of having done the readings will do likewise.

Weekly discussion board posts (50%): Everyweek, beginning from Week 2 (“Foundations”) and ending in Week13 (“Technology in Asia, Today and Tomorrow”), you will use the discussion board on Canvas to engage with the themes and topics for the week. Most weeks, you will be asked to respond to a series of prompts that are meant to get you thinking about the readings. This format may differ for certain weeks. I might, for instance, ask you to use a newspaper database to find a historical article relevant to what we are discussing that week (as a way of giving you some research practice). Either way, your posts must show that you have done the readings in order for you to receive full marks for them. Most original posts you do are to be a minimum of 300 words (it will say in the prompt if otherwise). In addition, once you have made your own post, you are to respond to at least one other post by a classmate, with your comment being at least 50 words long. You thus have to both make your own post and reply to another to get full marks for a week’s discussion board assignment. Posts (both originals and replies) are due each week on Tuesday at 9:00 pm to give us all enough time to read them over before our meeting the following day.

Over the course of the semester, there will be eleven weeks of discussion board posts of which you will have to do ten, with each worth 5% of your final marks.

Essay assignments (30%):There will be two essay assignments for this course, each worth 15% of your final marks. More details on these assignments will follow, but they are each to be around 1500 words and are due on Canvas on the following dates:

• Essayassignment#1:due by Wednesday, October18,1:00pm

• Essayassignment#2: due by Monday, December 4,1:00pm

Assignments and Due Dates at a Glance

Assignment	DueDate
Weekly discussionboard  post #1	Tuesday,September12,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard post #2	Tuesday,September19,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #3	Tuesday,September26,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #4	Tuesday,October3,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #5	Tuesday,October10,9:00 pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #6	Tuesday,October17,9:00 pm
Essaya ssignment#1	Wednesday,October  18,1:00pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #7	Tuesday,October24,9:00 pm
Weekly discussionboard post #8	Tuesday,October31,9:00 pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #9	Tuesday,November7,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard  post #10	Tuesday,November14,9:00pm
Weekly discussionboard post #11	Tuesday,November28,9:00pm
Essay assignment#2	Monday,December4,1:00 pm

Course Policies

Please consult the course Canvas site for the most updated version of course policies.

Schedule of Classes, Readings,and Assignments

Anote: Readings marked with the emoji are what we will be taking to be, for the purpose of this course, “primary sources.” We are going to talk more about what primary sources are andhow historians use them in our work early in the semester.

Week 1:INTRODUCTIONS

Wed|Sep6                  Welcome

  Week 2:FOUNDATIONS

 Mon|Sep11  East Asia in the long twentieth century

• Jerry P. Dennerline, “Modern East Asia:A History,” in Anne Prescott,ed.,East Asia in the World: An Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2015), 37–69.

• Wed|Sep13    What is technology,and why study its past?
  

• Leo Marx, “Technology: The Emergence  of a Hazardous Concept,”Technology and Culture 51:3 (2010): 561–577.

• David Edgerton, “From Innovation to Use: Ten Eclectic Theses on the Historiography of Technology,” History and Technology 16:2 (1999): 111–136.

Weekly discussion board post #1 due on Canvas by Tue, Sep 12, 9:00pm

Week 3:TRADITIONS OF INVENTION

Mon |Sep 18   “Premodern” technologies

• Sung Ying-Hsing, Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century:T’ien-KungK’ai-Wu,trans. E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1966 [1637]),“Translator’s Preface,” “Author’s Preface to the1637 Edition,”and “Weapons,” v–xii and 261–277.

• Hyeok Hweon Kang, “Reverse Engineering as History and Method:The Portuguese Espingarda in Chosŏn Korea,”History and Technology 38:2–3(2022):144–166.

Wed|Sep20  The Needham question and beyond

• Joseph Needham, The Grand Titration: Science and Society in East and West (London: Allen & Unwin,1969), “Introduction” and “Poverties and Triumphs of the Chinese Scientific Tradition,” 11–54.

• Rogar Hart, “Beyond Science and Civilization: A Post-Needham Critique,” East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 16 (1999): 88–114.

Weekly discussion board post #2 due on Canvas by Tue, Sep 19, 9:00pm

Week 4: MECHANICAL ENCOUNTERS IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE

Mon | Sep 25  Transfers and translations

• MengYue, “Hybrid Science versus Modernity: The Practice of the Jiangnan Arsenal,1864– 1897,” East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine16 (1999): 13–52.

• Hsien-Ch’un Wang, Western Technology and China’s Industrial Development: Steamship Building in Nineteenth-Century China,1828–1895 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), “Discovering Steam Power in China, 1828–1865,” 23–55.

  Wed | Sep27  Foreign experts

• Henry Dyer, Dai Nippon, the Britain of the East: A Study in National Evolution (London:Blackie & Son, 1904), vii–x, 1–13, and 193 –195.

• “A Visit to Professor Ayrton’s Laboratory,” Japan Mail (November11,1878), 570–571.

• W.E.Ayrton, “Report on the Course of Telegraphic Education, Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, 1st October, 1877,” in “Telegraphic Education,” Electrician (November 2, 1878), 284–286.

Weekly discussion board post #3 due on Canvas by Tue, Sep 26, 9:00 pm

Week 5:INFRASTRUCTURES OF MODERN NATIONHOOD

Mon|Oct2  Engineering the modern nation

• Richard J. Samuels, “Rich Nation, Strong Army”: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1994), “The Ideological Basis of Japanese Technonationalism,” 33–78.

• Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, trans. David A. Dilworth and G. Cameron HurstIII (NewYork: Columbia University Press,2008[1875]), “Western Civilization as Our Goal,” 17–44.

  Wed|Oct 4  National salvation and scientific nationalism

• Zuoyue Wang, “Saving China through Science: The Science Society of China, Scientific Nationalism, and Civil Society in Republican China,” in Lynn Nyhart and Thomas H. Broman, eds., Science and Civil Society, Osiris 17 (2002): 291–322.

• Hu Shih, “The Civilizations of the East and the West,” Charles A. Beard, ed.,Whither Mankind: A Panorama of Modern Civilization (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1928), 24–41.

Weekly discussion board post #4 due on Canvas by Tue, Oct 3, 9:00pm

Week 6: TINKERERS AND TECHNOLOGISTS

Mon|Oct 9  Indigenous Peoples’ Day–NO CLASS

Wed|Oct 11 Engineers and Edisons

• H.S.Chuck, “A Problem for Young Chinese Engineers,”Chinese Students’ Monthly (December 10, 1913), 122–125.

• C. C. Woo,“The Value of Industrial Scientific Research to the Advancement of Manufacturing Methods,” Chinese Students Monthly (November1,1920), 80–81.

• JungLee, “Invention without Science: ‘Korean Edisons’ and the Changing Understanding of Technology in Colonial Korea,” Technology and Culture 54.4 (2013): 782–814.

Weekly discussion board post #5 due online by Tue, Oct 10, 9:00pm

Week 7: SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Mon|Oct 16  Education and research

• Chinese Ministry of Communication, comp., China Handbook,1937–1943: A Comprehensive Survey of Major Developments in China in Six Years of War (NewYork: Macmillan, 1943), “Education and Research,” 368–430.

Wed|Oct 18  Labor and management

• Sandra Schaal,Discovering Women’s Voices: The Lives of Modern Japanese Silk Mill Workers in Their Own Words, trans. Jim Smith (Leiden: Brill, 2022), “Coping with Hard Labor Conditions,” 218–299.

• “Japanese Mill Enterprise in Bombay” and “Japan and the IndianTariff Board,”Far Eastern Review 22:12 (1926): 546–550.

Weekly discussion board post #6 due on Canvas by Tue, Oct 17,9:00 pm 

Essay assignment #1 due on Canvas by Wed, Oct 18, 1:00 pm

Week 8:WAR MACHINES

Mon|Oct 23  Japan’s technological empire

• Victor Seow, Carbon Technocracy: Energy Regimes in Modern East Asia (Chicago:Universityof Chicago Press, 2022), “Imperial Extraction,” 161–207.

Wed|Oct 25 Views from an outpost in Western China

• Joseph Needham and Dorothy Needham,eds., Science Out post:Papers of the Sino-British Science Co-operation Office (British Council Scientific Office in China), 1942–1946 (London: Pilot, 1948), “Science and Life in War-time China (Broadcast from London, December 1944),” “Science in South-West China:(1) The Physico-Chemical Sciences (1943),” “Science in South- West China: (2) The Biological and Social Sciences,” “Science in Chungking,” “Science in Western Szechuan: (1) Physio-Chemical Sciences and Technology,” “Science in Western Szechuan: (2) Biological and Social Sciences,” “Science and Technology in the North-West of China (1943),” “Science in Kweichow and Kuangsi (1944),” and “Science and Technology in China’s Far South-East(1944),”50–55,80–90,97–103,107–119,131–140, 206–212, and 223– 229.

Weekly discussion board post #7 due on Canvas by Tue,Oct 24, 9:00 pm

Week 9:ENGINES OF GROWTH

Mon|Oct30  Developmental states

• Chalmers Johnson, MIT Iand the Japanese Miracle:The Growth of Industrial Policy,1925–1975 (Stanford,Calif.: Stanford University Press,1982), “The Japanese‘ Miracle,’”3–34.

• Ezra F. Vogel, Japan as Number One: Lessons for America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1979),“Preface”and “The State:Meritocratic Guidance and Private Initiative,” vii–xi and 53–96.

Wed|Nov 1  Cold War contradictions

• Aaron S. Moore, “From ‘Constructing’ to ‘Developing’ Asia—Japanese Engineers and the Formation of the Post colonial, Cold War Discourse of Development in Asia,” in Hiromi Mizuno, Aaron S. Moore, and John DiMoia, eds., Engineering Asia: Technology, Colonial Development, and the Cold War Order (London: Bloomsbury, 2018), 85–112.

• Jim Glassman and Young-Jin Choi, “The Chaebol and the US Military–Industrial Complex: Cold War Geopolitical Economy and South Korean Industrialization,” Environment and Planning A 46:5 (2014): 1160–1180.

Weekly discussion board post #8 due on Canvas by Tue, Oct 31, 9:00pm

Week 10: SOCIALIST TECHNOSCIENCE

Mon|Nov 6     Red China’s technoscientific revolutions

• Rensselaer W. Lee III, “Ideology and Technical Innovation in Chinese Industry,1949–1971” Asian Survey 12:8 (1972):647–661.

• Fa-ti Fan, “The People’s War against Earthquakes: Cultures of Mass Science in Mao’s China,” in Karine Chemla and Evelyn Fox Keller, eds., Cultures without Culturalism: The Making of

  Scientific Knowledge (Durham:Duke University Press, 2017),296–323.

Wed|Nov 8   Science for the People

• Sigrid Schmalzer, “On the Appropriate Use of Rose-Colored Glasses: Reflections on Science in Socialist Chinese,” Isis 98:3 (2007): 571–583.

• Science for the People, China:Science Walks on Two Legs (New York:Avon,1974), “Introduction” and “Aspects of Industry,” 1–13 and 68–108.

Weekly discussion board post #9 due on Canvas by Tue, Nov 7,  9:00 pm

Week 11: RECONFIGURING PRODUCTION

Mon|Nov 13   Japan: just-in-time and autonomation

• Taiichi Ohno, Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production (Baco Raton, Fla.: CRC,1988[1978]), “Starting from Need” and “Evolution of the Toyota Production System,” 1– 44.

Wed|Nov 15  China: reform and the fourth modernization

• Deng Xiaoping, “Some Comments on Industrial Development” (August18,1975): https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1975/205.htm

• Deng Xiaoping, “Some Comments on Work in Science and Education”(August8,1977):

https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/deng-xiaoping/1977/96.htm

• Denis Fred Simon, “Technology Transfer and China’s Emerging Role in the World Economy,” in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman, eds., Science and Technology in Post-Mao China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 1989), 289–318.

Weeklydiscussion board post #10 due on Canvas by Tue, Nov 14, 9:00 pm

Week12: BETWEEN IMITATION AND INNOVATION

Mon|Nov 20    Made in China

• Silvia Lindtner, Anna Greenspan, and David Li, “Designed in Shenzhen: Shanzhai Manufacturing and Maker Entrepreneurs,” 5th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Alternatives (August 17–21, 2015).

• China’s Van Goghs, directed by Haibo Yu and Kiki Tianqi Yu (Syndicado,2016): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yxyUi4_Wzo

Wed|Nov 22   Thanksgiving Break–NO CLASS

Week13: TECHNOLOGY IN EAST ASIA,TODAY AND TOMORROW

Mon|Nov 27   Technoscience with Chinese characteristics

Special Guest: Dr. Yangyang Cheng (Yale Law School)

• Yangyang Cheng, “TheAll- American Myth of the TikTok Spy,” Wired (August9,2023): https://www.wired.com/story/china-espionage-tiktok-spying-national-security/

• Yangyang Cheng, “The US Fixation on Chinese Espionage Is Bad for Science,”Wired (February 24, 2022): https://www.wired.com/story/china-national-security-intellectual-property/

Wed|Nov 29  Gazing at the future from contemporary East Asia

• Jeong Soyeon, “Cosmic Go, ”trans. Kimberly Chung, in Sunyoung Park and SangJoon Park, eds., Readymade Bodhisattva: The Kaya Anthology of South Korean Science Fiction (Los Angeles: Kaya, 2019), 95–110.

Weekly discussion board post #11 due on Canvas by Tue, Nov 28,  9:00pm

Week 14: CONCLUSIONS

Mon|Dec 4 Assembling the parts

Essay assignment #2 due on Canvas by Mon,Dec4,1:00pm

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